Commentary: Qi, J. et al. Towards trustworthy agentic AI: a comprehensive survey of safety, robustness, privacy, and system security. Acad. AI Appl. 2026, 2, 8260 Anastasios Stavropoulos* [1,2]

https://www.academia.edu/3071-0286/2/3/10.20935/AcadAI8435 This survey offers a rigorous and welcome map of agentic artificial intelligence (AI) trustworthiness, organised around two dimensions the authors identify as critical for high-risk deployment: safety and robustness, and privacy and system security. By design, the survey treats value alignment, transparency, fairness, and accountability as relevant contexts rather than as core dimensions. This commentary advances a friendly amendment: accountability is not a peripheral dimension that can be deferred, but the binding constraint on agentic-AI trustworthiness. The reason it resists the survey’s stage-targeted, technical treatment is structural and temporal. Accountability mechanisms are deliberative and operate at human, institutional speed; agentic systems act autonomously, continuously, and at scale. This asymmetry—a governance lag—means that even a fully implemented suite of technical mitigations leaves a residual gap that only governance can close, while prevailing governance instruments remain calibrated to human-paced oversight. A complete trustworthiness agenda must therefore foreground accountability as a first-order design and governance problem.

AI and Cyber-Enabled Threats to Democracy through Algorithmic Manipulation and Generative AI in Undermining Democratic Integrity European Scientific Journal ESJ 2025

https://www.academia.edu/144496452/AI_and_Cyber_Enabled_Threats_to_Democracy_through_Algorithmic_Manipulation_and_Generative_AI_in_Undermining_Democratic_Integrity?rhid=42958477819&swp=rr-rw-wc-165018238&nav_from=a5e2bc1d-44cd-4629-8e1d-6bcbae2c7607 The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into digital platforms has escalated threats to democratic integrity worldwide, primarily through algorithmic manipulation, generative AI technologies, and large language models (LLMs). This study comprehensively investigates how these advanced technologies are systematically leveraged by state and non-state actors to destabilise democracies. The paper scrutinises empirical cases from the United States, European Union, India, Türkiye, Argentina, and Taiwan, analysing the operational mechanisms and socio-political implications of AIdriven disinformation. Findings demonstrate how generative AI, deepfake technologies, and sophisticated behavioural targeting exacerbate polarisation, weaken institutional trust, and distort electoral processes. Despite the growing prevalence of such cyber-enabled interference, regulatory and institutional responses remain fragmented and inadequate. Consequently, this research culminates in proposing a robust strategic implementation framework, emphasising platform transparency, regulatory innovation, technological safeguards, and civic resilience measures.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Politics: Should Political AI be Controlled? Iris-Panagiota Efthymiou 2020, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165

https://www.academia.edu/42047417/Artificial_Intelligence_AI_in_Politics_Should_Political_AI_be_Controlled?rhid=42958477819&swp=rr-rw-wc-165018238&nav_from=36a82d03-7cf9-4bd9-bd3e-8926af2d2bf2 Artificial Intelligence is being applied in many areas of science, technology, and everyday life. At the same time, a debate around its applications, safety and privacy is raging. In this paper, we explore AI and specifically AI and its recent applications in politics, under the current Internet-run world, and major points to be addressed in the future.

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON MODERN POLITICS O IMPACTO DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL NA POLÍTICA MODERNA EL IMPACTO DE LA INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL EN LA POLÍTICA MODERNA AJIASI – American Journal of Artificial Intelligence of ASI Research 2026, 3

https://www.academia.edu/165018238/THE_IMPACT_OF_ARTIFICIAL_INTELLIGENCE_ON_MODERN_POLITICS_O_IMPACTO_DA_INTELIG%C3%8ANCIA_ARTIFICIAL_NA_POL%C3%8DTICA_MODERNA_EL_IMPACTO_DE_LA_INTELIGENCIA_ARTIFICIAL_EN_LA_POL%C3%8DTICA_MODERNA?rhid=42958375416&swp=rr-rw-wc-164601320&nav_from=a82fbacf-9d9c-4fa8-8690-ae581c7981eb Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an increasingly decisive factor in modern politics, influencing electoral processes, public policy formulation and implementation, governmental communication, and the relationship between the State and citizens. This article critically examines the impacts of AI on the political sphere, considering both the opportunities associated with technological innovation and the emerging risks to democratic systems. The research is based on a specialized literature review and critical analysis of contemporary cases. As its main scientific contribution, the study identifies two major problems intensified by the use of AI in modern politics: disinformation (fake news) and deepfakes. These phenomena have been used as tools for manipulating public opinion, undermining informed decision-making, electoral participation, and trust in political institutions. The article argues for the need for robust regulatory frameworks, democratic governance mechanisms, and digital literacy strategies to ensure the responsible, ethical, and transparent use of Artificial Intelligence in the political context.

Possard, M.; Josef, H. R. (2026) | Article/Essay (in: "The Defence Horizon Journal" (02/2026)): "Artificial Intelligence And Ethics In The Era Of Digital Transformation." Marlon Possard, Hannah R Josef 2026, Possard, M.; Josef, H. R. (2026) | Article/Essay (in: "The Defence Horizon Journal" (02/2026)): "Artificial Intelligence And Ethics In The Era Of Digital Transformation."

https://www.academia.edu/164601320/Possard_M_Josef_H_R_2026_Article_Essay_in_The_Defence_Horizon_Journal_02_2026_Artificial_Intelligence_And_Ethics_In_The_Era_Of_Digital_Transformation_?rhid=42958352748&swp=rr-rw-wc-115868700&nav_from=976014e5-2790-416f-a1ad-1acca44d4bdf This article examines the ethical implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the context of the proliferation of AI-generated media content, with particular emphasis on deepfakes, general disinformation, and targeted fake news. The aim of the study is to identify and analyse key aspects of demagoguery and electoral manipulation, focusing on their broader societal impacts. To this end, relevant legal frameworks—most notably the European Union’s AI Act—are incorporated into the analysis. The findings indicate that algorithmic systems can exacerbate the risk of discrimination and that deepfakes are increasingly capable of significantly influencing electoral processes. As a consequence, there is a growing threat to the integrity of democratic and constitutional principles grounded in the rule of law.

The role of artificial intelligence in disinformation yves poullet 2021, Data & policy

https://www.academia.edu/115868700/The_role_of_artificial_intelligence_in_disinformation?rhid=42958325284&swp=rr-rw-wc-125765665&nav_from=31d459a3-e667-4fb2-bd88-b306e2000050 Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are playing an overarching role in the disinformation phenomenon our world is currently facing. Such systems boost the problem not only by increasing opportunities to create realistic AI-generated fake content, but also, and essentially, by facilitating the dissemination of disinformation to a targeted audience and at scale by malicious stakeholders. This situation entails multiple ethical and human rights concerns, in particular regarding human dignity, autonomy, democracy, and peace. In reaction, other AI systems are developed to detect and moderate disinformation online. Such systems do not escape from ethical and human rights concerns either, especially regarding freedom of expression and information. Having originally started with ascending co-regulation, the European Union (EU) is now heading toward descending co-regulation of the phenomenon. In particular, the Digital Services Act proposal provides for transparency obligations and external audit for very large online platforms' recommender systems and content moderation. While with this proposal, the Commission focusses on the regulation of content considered as problematic, the EU Parliament and the EU Council call for enhancing access to trustworthy content. In light of our study, we stress that the disinformation problem is mainly caused by the business model of the web that is based on advertising revenues, and that adapting this model would reduce the problem considerably. We also observe that while AI systems are inappropriate to moderate disinformation content online, and even to detect such content, they may be more appropriate to counter the manipulation of the digital ecosystem. Policy Significance Statement This study aims at identifying the right approach to tackle the disinformation problem online with due consideration for ethical values, fundamental rights and freedoms, and democracy. While moderating content as such and using AI systems to that end may be particularly problematic regarding freedom of expression and information, we recommend countering the malicious use of technologies online to manipulate individuals. As considering the main cause of the effective manipulation of individuals online is paramount, the business model of the web should be on the radar screen of public regulation more than content moderation. Furthermore, we do support a vibrant, independent, and pluralistic media landscape with investigative journalists following ethical rules.

Leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) by a Strategic Defense against Deepfakes and Digital Misinformation Chris Gilbert 2024, International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Technology (IJSRMT),Volume 3, Issue 11

https://www.academia.edu/125765665/Leveraging_Artificial_Intelligence_AI_by_a_Strategic_Defense_against_Deepfakes_and_Digital_Misinformation?rhid=42958303223&swp=rr-rw-wc-176098827&nav_from=81348826-3f1b-4331-9b4f-de5d457f1bb7 With rapid technological advancements, the emergence of deepfakes and digital misinformation has become both a powerful tool and a formidable challenge. Deepfakes—realistic yet fabricated media generated through artificial intelligence—threaten media credibility, public perception, and democratic integrity. This study explores the intersection of AI technology with these concerns, highlighting AI's role both as a driver of innovation and as a defense mechanism. By conducting an in-depth review of literature, analyzing current technologies, and examining case studies, this research evaluates AI-based strategies for identifying and addressing misinformation. Additionally, it considers the ethical and policy implications, calling for greater transparency, accountability, and media literacy. Through examining present AI techniques and predicting future trends, this paper underscores the importance of collaborative efforts among tech companies, government agencies, and the public to uphold truth and integrity in the digital age.