Impostor or secret diplomat? On the trail of an Armenian bishop (Blog, Der Standard, 13 Oct 2026)
Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, Samvel L. Grigoryan
https://www.academia.edu/178887671/Impostor_or_secret_diplomat_On_the_trail_of_an_Armenian_bishop_Blog_Der_Standard_13_Oct_2026_?email_work_card=title
Blog: History of Austria (original in German language published on the website of the Austrian newspaper "Der Standard" on 13 Oct 2026: https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000342788/hochstapler-odergeheimdiplomat-auf-den-spuren-eines-armenischen-bischofs) In 1293, a bishop from distant Armenia traveled through Tyrol. His identity and the purpose of his journey remained a mystery for a long time. In this guest blog post, historians Samvel Grigoryan and Johannes Preiser-Kapeller describe the curious story of an apparent medieval impostor.
Carole M. Cusack, From Unity to Fragmentation: Baha’i, Divine Polity and Esperanto to Invented Religions, Micro-Nations and Societal Fragmentation
Carole Cusack
https://www.academia.edu/178888312/Carole_M_Cusack_From_Unity_to_Fragmentation_Baha_i_Divine_Polity_and_Esperanto_to_Invented_Religions_Micro_Nations_and_Societal_Fragmentation?email_work_card=title
Religions and New Spirituality in East Asia and Beyond, CESNUR Conference, Weixin Shengjiao College, Taiwan, 10-12 October 2026.
The Iranian Mirza Hosayn Ali Nuri (1817–1892), known as Bahāʾu’llāh (“Glory of God”) founded the Baha’i faith in 1863 as an offshoot of the Bābī sect, founded by Mīrzā Mirza ʿAlīi Moḥammad Muhammad (the Bāb, “gateway”, 1819–1850) in 1844. Baha’i began as a Twelver Shia offshoot but developed into a universal monotheist tradition. The idea of a universal language and a universal divine polity are sourced from the Bible, and in modernity connected the Baha’i faith to the United Nations and the artificial universal language Esperanto, developed by L. L. Zamenhof (1859-1917) and launched in 1887. These developments in new religion, new language, and global cooperation suggested a certain optimism about the future as 1900 loomed. In the twenty-first century, the situation is reversed; sovereign citizens and the founding of micro-nations link with the proliferation of personal spiritualities/ invented religions, and strategies of linguistic variance, including revitalisation of Indigenous and regional languages. This paper argues that democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and civil liberties favoured the growth of individualism and enabled the diverse manifestations of politics, religion, and cultural identity. Yet, these relatively innocuous developments have a shadow side, the erosion of democratic governments, the collapse of multi-lateral treaties, and the assault on rights and freedoms.