Müth Silke, More than War. Symbolic functions of Greek fortifications - submitted version By Silke Müth

https://www.academia.edu/42015761/M%C3%BCth_Silke_More_than_War_Symbolic_functions_of_Greek_fortifications_submitted_version?sm=b&rhid=37229243351 Ancient fortifications are commonly considered as protective constructions, they rarely count as aesthetic monuments and are mostly studied under defensive aspects. Fortifications frequently contain, however, clearly recognisable symbolic aims which go far beyond defence. Their ostensible defensive character often communicates even more important messages to their beholder, which have not been adequately studied on a broad basis until now. By aesthetic design or decoration, monumental forms or scenic setting, use of spolia or inscriptions, fortifications may tell of the wealth and power of a city’s population or a ruler, of influence or dominance, but also of freedom and independence, of traditions and common identity, of competence and skills and the generosity of private benefactors. Furthermore, fortifications may serve as historic, sacral, public or private monuments. In this article, symbolic functions of Greek fortifications are scrutinized regarding their identifiability among the practical functions, including mutual overlaps. Means and forms of expression are analyzed based on the latest symbol-theory of architecture and senders and receivers of the intended messages as well as their meanings are discussed. Finally, the general development of symbolic functions of Greek fortifications is addressed. Symbolic functions are a much more general phenomenon in the field of defensive architecture than hitherto expected. Symbolic messages can be expressed in various ways and may convey manifold meanings, depending on their precise context. Greek fortifications thus are to be understood as active parts of ancient communication processes and meaningful elements of built space. ...