Chemistry, Pharmacology and Pharmacy – Contributions of Islamic Scholars to the Scientific Enterprise by Yasmeen Mahnaz Faruqi

https://muslimheritage.com/contributions-chemistry/ Scholars from Muslim Civilisation such as Jaber ibn Haiyan (Jabir ibn Hayyan) and Al-Razi laid the foundations of modern chemistry through their experiments and descriptions of chemical substances and processes. Al-Razi’s Secret of Secrets is seen as an early laboratory manual. Their discoveries, including inorganic acids, had lasting industrial and military impact. In pharmacology and pharmacy, Muslim civilisations advanced drug composition and preparation, drawing and expanding on Greek, Persian, and Indian knowledge. They introduced syrups, juleps, and apothecaries. such as Ibn al-Baytar’s botanical work was a key reference in Europe until the Renaissance.