Innovation of Mechanical Machinery in Medieval Centuries Part I: Windmills, Water Wheels and Automatic Fountains by Galal A. Hassaan

https://muslimheritage.com/mechanical-machinery/ The fascinating mechanical inventions aimed at the welfare of humankind started with the ancient Egyptians and continued to develop through different eras. In the medieval centuries, the Islamic civilisation paid wonderful attention to mechanical engineering. Banu Mosa invented 100 ingenious devices, including automatic fountains and automatic feedback level control systems. Al-Jazari invented 50 mechanical devices, including automatic fountains, clocks, positive displacement pumps and robotics. Taqi Al-Din invented a 6-cylinder positive displacement pump. Those great inventors used clean-energy prime movers in the form of windmills, overshot water wheels and undershot water wheels (turbines). This paper focuses only on windmills, water wheels and automatic fountains.